p. 195: Many Chinese and Japanese authors have a new period begin with the early (Ch'ien Mu) or the late tenth century (T'ao Hsi-sheng, Li Chien-nung), while others prefer a cut already in the Middle of the T'ang Dynasty (Teng Ch'u-min, Naito Torajiro). For many Marxists, the period which we called "Modern Times" is at best a sub-period within a larger period which really started with what we called "Medieval China".

p. 196: For the change in the composition of the gentry, I am using my own research.--For clan rules, clan foundations, etc., I used D. C. Twitchett, J. Fischer, Hu Hsien-chin, Ch'ue T'ung-tsu, Niida Noboru and T. Makino. The best analysis of the clan rules is by Wang Hui-chen in D. S. Nivison, _Confucianism in Action_, Stanford 1959, p. 63-96.--I do not regard such marriage systems as "survivals" of ancient systems which have been studied by M. Granet and systematically analysed by C. Levy-Strauss in his _Les structures elementaires de la parente_, Paris 1949, pp. 381-443. In some cases, the reasons for the establishment of such rules can still be recognized.--A detailed study of despotism in China still has to be written. K. A. Wittfogel's _Oriental Despotism_, New Haven 1957 does not go into the necessary detailed work.

p. 197: The problem of social mobility is now under study, after preliminary research by K. A. Wittfogel, E. Kracke, myself and others. E. Kracke, Ho Ping-ti, R. M. Marsh and I are now working on this topic.--For the craftsmen and artisans, much material has recently been collected by Chinese scholars. I have used mainly Li Chien-nung and articles in _Li-shih yen-chiu_ 1955, No. 3 and in _Mem. Inst. Orient. Cult._ 1956.--On the origin of guilds see Kato Shigeru; a general study of guilds and their function has not yet been made (preliminary work by P. Maybon, H. B. Morse, J. St. Burgess, K. A. Wittfogel and others). Comparisons with Near-Eastern guilds on the one hand and with Japanese guilds on the other, are quite interesting but parallels should not be over-estimated. The _tong_ of U. S. Chinatowns (_tang_ in Mandarin) are late and organizations of businessmen only (S. Yokoyama and Laai Yi-faai). They are not the same as the _hui-kuan_.

p. 198: For the merchants I used Ch'ue T'ung-tsu, Sung Hsi and Wada Kiyoshi.--For trade, I used extensively Ch'uean Han-sheng and J. Kuwabara.--On labour legislation in early modern times I used Ko Ch'ang-chi and especially Li Chien-nung, also my own studies.--On strikes I used Kato Shigeru and modern Chinese authors.--The problem of "vagrants" has been taken up by Li Chien-nung who always refers to the original sources and to modern Chinese research.--The growth of cities, perhaps the most striking event in this period, has been studied for the earlier part of our period by Kato Shigeru. Li Chien-nung also deals extensively with investments in industry and agriculture. The problem as to whether China would have developed into an industrial society without outside stimulus is much discussed by Marxist authors in China.

p. 199: On money policy see Yang Lien-sheng, Kato Shigeru and others.

p. 200: The history of one of the Southern Dynasties has been translated by Ed. H. Schafer, _The Empire of Min_, Tokyo 1954; Schafer's annotations provide much detail for the cultural and economic conditions of the coastal area.--For tea and its history, I use my own research; for tea trade a study by K. Kawakami and an article in the _Frontier Studies_, vol. 3, 1943.--Salt consumption according to H. T. Fei, _Earthbound China_, 1945, p. 163.

p. 201: For salt I used largely my own research. For porcelain production Li Chien-nung and other modern articles.--On paper, the classical study is Th. F. Carter, _The Invention of Printing in China_, New York 1925 (a revised edition now published by L. C. Goodrich).

p. 202: For paper money in the early period, see Yang Lien-sheng, _Money and Credit in China_, Cambridge, Mass., 1952. Although the origin of paper money seems to be well established, it is interesting to note that already in the third century A.D. money made of paper was produced and was burned during funeral ceremonies to serve as financial help for the dead. This money was, however, in the form of coins.--On iron money see Yang Lien-sheng; I also used an article in _Tung-fang tsa-chih_, vol. 35, No. 10.

p. 203: For the Kitan (Chines: Ch'i-tan) and their history see K. A. Wittfogel and Feng Chia-sheng, _History of Chinese Society. Liao_, Philadelphia 1949.

p. 204: For these dynasties, I rely upon my own research.--Niida Noboru and Kato Shigeru have studied adoption laws; our specific case has in addition been studied by M. Kurihara. This system of adoptions is non-Chinese and has its parallels among Turkish tribes (A. Kollantz, Abdulkadir Inan, Osman Turan).

p. 207: For the persecution I used K. Tamai and my own research.

p. 211: This is based mainly upon my own research.--The remark on tax income is from Ch'uean Han-sheng.

p. 212: Fan Chung-yen has been studied recently by J. Fischer and D. Twitchett, but these notes on price policies are based upon my own work.--I regard the statement, that it was the gentry which prevented the growth of an industrial society--a statement which has often been made before--as preliminary, and believe that further research, especially in the growth of cities and urban institutions may lead to quite different explanations.--On estate management I relied on Y. Sudo's work.

p. 213: Research on place names such as mentioned here, has not yet been systematically done.--On _i-chuang_ I relied upon the work by T. Makino and D. Twitchett.--This process of tax-evasion has been used by K. A. Wittfogel (1938) to construct a theory of a crisis cycle in China. I do not think that such far-reaching conclusions are warranted.

p. 214: This "law" was developed on the basis of Chinese materials from different periods as well as on materials from other parts of Asia.--In the study of tenancy, cases should be studied in which wealthier farmers rent additional land which gets cultivated by farm labourers. Such cases are well known from recent periods, but have not yet been studied in earlier periods. At the same time, the problem of farm labourers should be investigated. Such people were common in the Sung time. Research along these lines could further clarify the importance of the so-called "guest families" (_k'o-hu_) which were alluded to in these pages. They constituted often one third of the total population in the Sung period. The problem of migration and mobility might also be clarified by studying the _k'o-hu._

p. 215: For Wang An-shih, the most comprehensive work is still H. Williamson's _Wang An-shih_, London 1935, 3 vol., but this work in no way exhausts the problems. We have so much personal data on Wang that a psychological study could be attempted; and we have since Williamson's time much deeper insight into the reforms and theories of Wang. I used, in addition to Williamson, O. Franke, and my own research.

p. 216: Based mainly upon Ch'ue T'ung-tsu.--For the social legislation see Hsue I-t'ang; for economic problems I used Ch'uean Han-sheng, Ts'en Chung-mien and Liu Ming-shu.--Most of these relief measures had their precursors in the T'ang period.

p. 217: It is interesting to note that later Buddhism gave up its "social gospel" in China. Buddhist circles in Asian countries at the present time attempt to revive this attitude.

p. 218: For slaughtering I used A. Hulsewe; for greeting R. Michihata; on law Ch'ue T'ung-tsu; on philosophy I adapted ideas from Chan Wing-sit.

p. 219: A comprehensive study of Chu Hsi is a great desideratum. Thus far, we have in English mainly the essays by Feng Yu-lan (transl. and annotated by D. Bodde) in the _Harvard Journal of Asiat. Stud._, vol. 7, 1942. T. Makino emphasized Chu's influence upon the Far East, J. Needham his interest in science.

p. 220: For Su Tung-p'o as general introduction see Lin Yutang, _The Gay Genius. The Life and Times of Su Tungpo_, New York 1947.--For painting, I am using concepts of A. Soper here.

p. 222: For this period the standard work is K. A. Wittfogel and Feng Chia-sheng, _History of Chinese Society, Liao_, Philadelphia 1949.--Po-hai had been in tributary relations with the dynasties of North China before its defeat, and resumed these from 932 on; there were even relations with one of the South Chinese states; in the same way, Kao-li continuously played one state against the other (M. Rogers _et al._).

p. 223: On the Kara-Kitai see Appendix to Wittfogel-Feng.

p. 228: For the Hakka, I relied mainly upon Lo Hsiang-lin; for Chia Ssu-tao upon H. Franke.

p. 229: The Ju-chen (Jurchen) are also called Nue-chih and Nue-chen, but Ju-chen seems to be correct (_Studia Serica_, vol. 3, No. 2).